19 de octubre de 1999
El Manifiesto Petropolitano.
8 de octubre de 1999
I privatize you, I privatize you not
The sad truth is that for a very long time now - decades really - the country simply has not had anything even remotely close to a coherent economic policy. Without one, it will be very difficult to drag the country out of its current emergency, the bottom line of which is serious unemployment and poverty. I still have fresh in my mind that infamous cocktail of eighty “urgent” measures presented to the previous administration by Fedecámaras.
It is even more difficult to find a good direction due to the fact that our dilemma as a country is situated within the context of globalization process that seems to threaten national identities even further.
In these circumstances, it is no wonder that magic, instant solutions, and quick fixes seem to be coming from everywhere. Among these, none is more beautiful and tempting than the privatization of PDVSA. It seems to be to the economy what the Constituent Assembly is to politics.
Before I continue on this track, I wish to make the point that by referring to a state- run oil industry I refer only to activities in exploration, extraction, refining and distribution to basic markets. All other downstream business such as the petrochemical field, among others, is subject to such intense competition that the cruel efficiencies of the private sector are required for it to be successful. Any intervention by the State in this secondary business, can only result in the loss of part of the riches initially created by the basic activities mentioned above. There is not doubt that downstream business must be privatized.
We return, then, to the beautiful siren song (the sirens themselves are not so beautiful): The sale of PDVSA and oil reserves, Nirvana, Shangri-La and immediate gratification.
Evidently, it is not logical for a country as potentially rich as Venezuela to be in the state it is in. The sale of PDVSA could mean, among other things, that we could cancel all of our public debt. If we were able to resist taking on new debt, there is no doubt that the country would have a rather promising future, at least in the short and medium term.
Evidently, any industry that is not subjected to the critical and continuous surveillance by a greedy owner, can easily be led astray and would produce unsatisfactory results.
Evidently, it would not seem to make any difference who really owns PDVSA’s assets. The source of business would remain in Venezuela and the country would continue to benefit from royalties and income tax.
Why is it then, that like Ulysses, I would want to be strapped to the main mast in order to resist the siren song? My reasons are partly intellectual and partly from the heart.
On the intellectual side, the most important reason is that I am not convinced that the country can maximize the value of its oil without OPEC. The privatization of PDVSA would in essence mean our disincorporation from OPEC. This does not mean I am expressing satisfaction with the management of OPEC, which leaves much room for criticism.
The interests of the current players, management and the government, may be in conflict with those of the Nation. Additionally, there is no effective way to evaluate management of the industry. The sirens affirm that the privatization of PDVSA would solve this problem since its valuation in the open market would be a measure of management’s success, and would indicate the way forward. Personally, I believe one way to solve the problem is to require the transparency of information and to create the Office of the Oil Ombudsman. This would allow for the introduction of some national and long-term variables, which are frequently ignored in an increasingly globalized, and short term oriented marketplace.
Notwithstanding, I do admit that in these times, irrational reasons driven by the heart may be weightier by far. To begin with, I am not among those that disqualify the government as a manager.
Defense of oil requires decisive protest against those that prohibit the use of Orimulsion without reason, and against those that impose confiscatory taxes on oil derivatives, meaning that we receive only a fraction of its value. I still have not lost hope that this need for defensive action could rally us to unite as a nation and not simply as greedy individual shareholders.
I do not believe that as a generation that has failed in its management of oil resources we have the moral right to continue to anticipate even more cash flow.
Should PDVSA actually be privatized and should there be a surplus that can be distributed, I hope it will be distributed among Venezuelans under 21. This opinion will most likely be contrary to that of those people that preach privatization of PDVSA in the same way children try to get to the end-of-party gifts in order to get away early from a boring piñata.
On the other hand, I recognize the value of all the arguments against centralization of fiscal income. Quickly, please... tie me to the mast!
1 de octubre de 1999
Fighting for one's country
The debate, needless to say, was excellent. I enjoyed the intellectual capacities of the debaters, as well as the abilities in the art of debate both of them displayed. Taking advantage of the presence of such distinguished personalities, of the serious academic environment in which the debate took place and the invitation to ask questions, I took it upon myself to ask the following:
Gentlemen: It is well known that in the country you come from, a tax that is often above 800% is levied on the value of gasoline. This type of tax is without a doubt the main reason why our country does not perceive more income from its oil exports. As a citizen of an oil producing country, I ask how, in your opinion, and from the perspective of “exactly the opposite”, the existence of these taxes can be explained in the context of the commercial aperture that is being developed worldwide?
That was the end of “cross-fire” and “opposite poles”. My question immediately fused the opinions of the debaters into one, as if by chemical reaction, and both seemed liberated from any type of academic requirements. Almost in unison both responded something like: Boy! (I am almost 50 years old now, but the response was basically as if I was being treated as “Boy”). You should know that these taxes are imposed in order to reduce gasoline consumption and save the world’s environments from contamination. Additionally, you should be aware of the fact that your country’s main problem is that it is wholly dependant on oil and in this sense it should thank us for any help we can give you in order to reduce this dependence.
This response, the result of a solid defense of national interest over and above any ideological consideration, was for me a true lesson in the policy of economic development. It clearly indicated that any country that cannot rally its people to fight the commercial war, body to body, that globalization has initiated, is utterly and completely lost.
The taxes on oil based products that I have mentioned above are no small matter. According to information obtained for June, courtesy of the Petrol Retailer’s Association of the United Kingdom, a liter of gasoline was sold at the pump for the equivalent of Bs. 661. The distribution of this amount is basically as follows: Bs. 47 (7%) for the distributor, Bs. 68 (11%) for the producer and Bs. 552 (83%) for the British tax authorities.
The taxes apparently have no limit. Governments such as the United Kingdom and Germany have recently formally approved future increases. The Sunday Telegraph of the 29th of August estimates that the gallon of gasoline in England in the year 2010 will be sold at £ 6.90, which is equivalent to Bs. 1,800 per liter. Out of this amount, the producer and the distributor must divide 10% since the taxman intends to keep about 90%.
There is no doubt that should these taxes not exist, Venezuela would today be selling more oil at better prices. There is also no doubt that these taxes represent a major threat to the future of our oil industry. In this sense, the problem should be one of national interest.
Not withstanding the above, there has been an absolute absence of formal protest in Venezuela. What is worse, only a tiny fraction of its citizens are aware of the problem. Worse still, the majority of those that work in the oil industry or that are experts therein, express surprise when confronted with the magnitude of these taxes.
Prices of oil have recently risen. These increases are historically very modest. The European press, however, is full of attacks on the “bad boys” of the OPEC. In The Observer of the 5th of September in England I read that the fault was attributed to “a number of far-flung dictatorships (and the odd democracy)….”, and the fact that OPEC had reduced its production somewhat “alarmed when the price of oil fell to its lowest level in 25 years and their petrol-addicted economies were suffering”.
In Venezuela, we see nothing in the way of response in the sense that the real “petrol-addicted” entities are the fiscal authorities of consumer nations. Our dailies basically limit themselves to reproducing articles that reflect preoccupation with possible inflationary pressures, making the uninformed Venezuelan feel like he is at fault for potential world crises.
It is high time that Venezuela begins to defend itself in a globalized world. For me, the negative effect to the country of having part of the value of our non-renewable assets commandeered by the taxmen in consumer nations is exactly as the same as if guerillas from a neighboring country come across the border and carry away a few barrels. Why do all our patriots have blinders on?
In the Daily Journal, Caracas, October 1, 1999
24 de septiembre de 1999
Close to crying "Yankee go Home"
However as I am nearing my fiftieth birthday, I suddenly have an incredible urge to yell “Yankee Go Home”. This occurred most recently when I read another of Rowan's articles, in this case blasting away at the latest changes implemented at PDVSA.
Theoretically, had we successfully arrived at the end of the opening of the oil industry, the recent cuts in production, which have had such positive effects over the last few months, would have been impossible to execute since the private sector would have to be compensated. The oil opening per se implied a departure, albeit clandestine, from OPEC. Since I have never been convinced that OPEC was losing relevance, I publicly opposed this oil opening policy, asking that its implications be democratically discussed.
I also considered that the Venezuelan oil industry benefited from being divided into several different entities. Even though this evidently represented additional costs, it was a good way of achieving mutual and cross supervision by experts in the industry. Therefore, when we were sold a restructuring based on supposed and overestimated savings (an annual figure of US$ 2 billion was brazenly bandied about) and which simply implied a total centralization of power, I loudly cried foul.
We were told that due to the lack of internal resources it was necessary to invite foreign capital to participate in the development of basic activities such as exploration and production. Soon after, as if by magic, resources suddenly appeared tand were quickly invested in the “strategic” but very poorly explained building of gasoline stations that could also sell fast food. I felt misled and publicly informed PDVSA that the risk of Kuwait building a gas station in Las Mercedes in Caracas in order to compete directly and sell its ultra-light gasoline to the local market was really very slight.
I also protested, and continue to do so, when PDVSA, in the face of an upward trend in outsourcing of services, created the CIED in order to sell seminars and courses to captive clients. I protested and continue to protest when PDVSA, without much explanation, used an inmense amount of resources to finance studies of commercial ports in rivers in the eastern part of the country, for example.
The President of PDVSA should occupy his post as if he were a soldier on a battlefield on a sacred national mission. It wrenched my soul to see how he thinks he is a General Patton instead, and finds his way onto an entire page of the Wall Street Journal as Executive of the Year. Perhaps it should have been Entrepreneur of the Year.
Three years ago, as I traveled in the interior of the country, I observed how high interest rates, new taxes and a foreign exchange policy that in real terms strongly revalued the national currency were taking the country on a wild ride towards recession. At that point, while expressing my anguish at the possibility of a permanent loss of jobs, the then President of PDVSA, as if he were any common politician on TV, happily informed whoever would listen, that Venezuela was "condemned to success”. I almost cried with rage.
Last week, Rowan wrote that PDVSA’s ex-President, Luis Giusti, had produced a bonus of US$ 2.3 billion for the state with the oil opening - as if this were not simply the fruit of oil income perceived in advance, unfortunately already frittered away.
Rowan wrote: “Giusti’s strategy was brilliant. From a national perspective, Giusti was a patriot”. With respect to the recent changes at PDVSA, he wrote: “The development of this country has just been set back twenty years. The only institution in active transition to modernization, professionalism and meritocracy in Venezuela has been sacked. It’s been vandalized, ruined by ideologues from a Dark Age”.
I recently registered a NGO called Petropolitan, and through it I am fighting against the taxes on oil products imposed by a majority of the oil consuming countries of the world. These charges prevent oil-producing countries from receiving what they should rightly be receiving from the sale of their non-renewable resources.
The real value of an item of goods is normally measured at the consumer level, and in this sense the average value of a barrel of oil in the world might have already surpassed US$ 100. Of that value, up to a few months ago, the producer only received US$ 10, and today still has to settle for a meager US$ 20. I hope that someday when the absurd confiscation by taxmen in the developed world is eliminated, they will receive, say US$ 40 or more. If this defense of what is rightly ours classifies me in Rowan’s world as being one of the ideologues of the Dark Ages, then that is exactly what I am, and am proud of being so.
Daily Journal, Caracas, September 24, 1999
21 de septiembre de 1999
La ausencia del quid-pro-quo en el mantener el status quo
10 de agosto de 1999
La economía en época constituyente
27 de julio de 1999
De la pobre imagen de la Opep y de ventajas comparativas
23 de julio de 1999
The mouse that roared
Last week, columnist Michael Rowan issued several recommendations for Venezuela, among these that you should “Ask not how you can be protected from the world. Ask only how best you can live in it”. I have frequently asked myself this question, but since the response that begins to develop in my mind is vastly different from the text book type answer hinted at by Mr. Rowan, I wish to make note of some of these differences.
To begin with, and even though I agree that a lot of the country’s internal problems as mentioned by Mr. Rowan really do exist, I consider it to be wrong to label Venezuela as a protectionist country. It could be that he did not know the Venezuela of old, but as of 1989 the country has, not always in a straight line and more often than not out of necessity rather than conviction, been submerged in a process of commercial and cultural aperture of such import that it is today one of the least protectionist countries in the world.
Upon rereading some of the articles I have written over the years, I find clear evidence of the fact that I have always been a constant defender of the markets as prime regulators and motors of the economy and as a consequence of this, I have also always been totally against what is today know as protectionism. In this sense, I am worried that Venezuela’s opening has not produced the desired results.
The commercial recipes common in today’s world are comprised primarily of the following two commandments: 1) Open your borders and allow the products, services and capital offered by the rest of the world to come in so that all of your citizens may have access to the best the world can offer, produced in the most efficient manner possible; 2) Respect the rights to intellectual property and to brands and patents in order to insure the adequate return of costs and to allow those who today fuel development to continue their mission.
In exchange for compliance with these commandments, the interested party is offered a first class ticket on the Train of Sustained Development on the way to a better economic future. Certainly, some of the passengers will be weaker than others. However, if all follow the same basic diet and exercise plan, based on the exploitation of inherent strengths with the adoption of an effort towards specialization, sooner or later, so goes the theory, all will be more or less equal.
Chile, for example, is a good example of what excellent results a ride on this Train can produce. Unfortunately, Venezuela, while having complied with the commandments almost religiously has absolutely nothing to show in the way of favorable results. Why? Rowan would answer, ‘It is Venezuela’s own fault’. I would say that while he is partially right, it is also important to say that the world is not playing a fair ball game.
The indisputable fact is that the world is applying duties on products derived from oil, as is the case of taxes on gasoline that in some parts of the world top 800% and that bar the producers from receiving his fair share of the sale of their resources. If these taxes were eliminated or were simply limited, for example, to something like the 26% duty imposed by Venezuela on the importation, Venezuela’s income would be much greater. Easily US$ 10 billion greater!
In this sense, if I am to respond to Mr. Rowan’s questions as to “How best you can live in it (the world)”, I would not be lying if I told you that I am feeling dangerously close to suggesting that we quit being stupid and that until the world comes around and gives us a fair shake by eliminating the damaging taxes on oil, we begin to behave as rogues.
As a first dish, it would be most tempting to raise all import duties to the same levels each country applies to oil. As a main dish I could suggest we violate all brands and intellectual property rights, copy all medicines and facilitate their generic sale world wide. Finally, as a dessert, I could ask PDV to quit building fancy gasoline stations in Venezuela which, being sure that Kuwait is not waiting in the wings to compete on our turf, do not generate the sale of even one extra liter of gasoline. Instead I would construct large floating gasoline stations, anchor them off the coast of Europe and offer each European entrepreneur with a neoliberal bend the right to freely commercialize our gasoline tax free.
Am I exaggerating? One of the principal elements of discussion in the universe of ecological taxes, the ecotax, is how to insure that oil producing nations are also convinced to adopt fiscal policies involving high oil or energy taxes. The reason for this, in layman’s terms, is that if we don’t, industries that consume large amounts of energy could conceivably move to those countries with cheap energy, causing the loss of jobs in non-oil producing countries. So much for the specialization credo.
We should declare total and absolute war on the injustices of today’s system of commercial interchange. Just like the small country that declared war on Europe in the movie The Mouse That Roared, we have absolutely nothing to lose and much to gain. With so many enemies without why do we need to have enemies within?
In the Daily Journal, Caracas, July 23, 1999
9 de julio de 1999
Un correo electrónico a nuestros acusadores.
Recientemente nos sorprendió una demanda interpuesta contra Venezuela por una organización de productores independientes de petróleo en el Estado de Oklahoma, Estados Unidos. La demanda se basó en el cargo de vertido de petróleo.
En términos simples, el "dumping" ocurre cuando un país exporta productos a un precio inferior a su costo real de producción o a un precio inferior al precio de venta en su mercado interno. Para calcular el costo real, hay que considerar los efectos de todos los subsidios estatales. El dumping se considera competencia desleal y, por tanto, está prohibido. Si se demuestra en este caso, también dará lugar a graves medidas comerciales de represalia.
Como observador externo, siento que esta demanda es una amenaza real para Venezuela, pero también creo que también puede ser una oportunidad. Para entender esto, es importante analizar quién está realmente detrás de esta demanda.
Hay una cantidad increíble de pozos petroleros en Estados Unidos, cientos de miles. Sólo en Texas se dice que hay al menos sesenta mil pozos que producen menos de un barril por día. Debido a los bajos precios del petróleo, la cantidad de pozos que supuestamente se han cerrado es igualmente increíble. Una organización conocida como IPAA calcula que entre noviembre de 1997 y febrero de 1999 se cerraron más de 136.000 pozos.
Detrás de estos pozos no sólo hay grandes compañías petroleras, sino también cientos de miles de personas, pequeños empresarios, trabajadores, viudas que reciben regalías, proveedores de bienes y servicios, todos ellos votantes en un momento u otro. Por lo tanto, no debería sorprendernos que este sector posea una gran influencia política.
Para Venezuela, esto significa que, aunque la demanda no esté basada en terreno sólido, puede tener más éxito de lo que pensábamos en un principio. Sólo debemos recordar que un pequeño grupo de interés en el Estado de Florida logró bloquear el uso de la Orimulsión Venezolana. ¿Te imaginas lo que puede hacer un grupo grande? Ya que siempre he pensado que Venezuela fue negligente en proteger sus intereses en el caso de la Orimulsión. Sinceramente espero que en este caso más reciente las autoridades sean más cuidadosas y tomen las medidas necesarias.
Sin embargo, como mencioné anteriormente, esta demanda puede no ser sólo una amenaza, sino que también puede presentar una oportunidad para Venezuela. Desde hace meses vengo impulsando un movimiento al que he denominado Petropolitano. El propósito de este grupo es protestar y dar a conocer que los países productores de petróleo están sujetos a discriminación comercial cuando las naciones consumidoras aplican impuestos o aranceles para que los productores reciban sólo una fracción del valor real de su petróleo.
Por ejemplo, según la Retail Motor Industry Federation del Reino Unido, el precio de la gasolina premium sin plomo el 4 de junio de 1999 (hace un mes) en el surtidor era de 4,17 dólares por galón. De este elevado valor, evidentemente real ya que el automovilista inglés está dispuesto a pagarlo, sólo 0,43 dólares, es decir el 10%, terminan en el bolsillo del productor. El distribuidor recibe 0,26 dólares y el fisco inglés, único rentista real de esta cadena, se queda con 3,48 dólares, lo que representa el 83,5% del precio de venta al por menor.
Cuando comparamos los 3,48 dólares recaudados por el recaudador de impuestos [del Reino Unido] con los 0,43 dólares recibidos por los productores de petróleo en lugar de un activo no renovable, es evidente que el impuesto es de más del 800%. Este deber es, sin duda, una de las principales razones de los bajos ingresos petroleros, no sólo los nuestros, sino también los de Oklahoma.
La situación empeora cada día que pasa. Con base en leyes ya aprobadas, podemos prever que el precio del galón de gasolina en Europa será de 10 dólares para el año 2006, de los cuales el productor recibirá sólo 0,50 dólares, es decir, el 5%. Alemania, por ejemplo, aprobó recientemente un “paso del impuesto sobre la renta personal a un impuesto a los usuarios de energía”. Estos impuestos serán utilizados por el gobierno alemán para “financiar la reducción de las primas de seguridad para la vejez”.
Por cierto, no me refiero sólo a Europa, ya que actualmente la mayor parte del mundo aplica impuestos y derechos al petróleo. Una de las pocas excepciones es Estados Unidos, donde ha habido más moderación. Debido a lo anterior, y si la decisión fuera mía, estaría en el próximo avión a Oklahoma en un intento de educar a nuestros acusadores sobre quiénes son nuestros verdaderos enemigos. Les diría que estos últimos se ríen mientras nos peleamos por las migajas, y trataría de convertirlos en poderosos aliados.
Los ejecutivos de PDVSA o no ven el bosque por los árboles o se han dejado dormir por sus propias realidades internas. En cualquier caso, no parecen dispuestos a tomar medidas radicales. Asimismo, el ciudadano común está demasiado alejado de la industria para reaccionar con fuerza en el corto plazo.
¿Quién sabe? Quizás el pequeño productor de Oklahoma, el que sufre y siente personalmente las injusticias actuales de esta situación, el que más probablemente tiene la voluntad de salir a defender con avidez sus intereses, el que pertenece a un país que puede defender el banano, lo hace. no producir, el que hoy es nuestro acusador, puede ser en última instancia el aliado que Venezuela realmente necesita. Por si acaso, ya les envié un correo electrónico.
We were recently surprised by a lawsuit brought against Venezuela by an organization of independent oil producers in the State of Oklahoma in the United States. The suit was based on the charge of dumping oil.
29 de junio de 1999
Del contrabando y el Ecotax, Pdvsa y la educación superior
1 de junio de 1999
¿Acaso somos de una desconocida secta protestante?
16 de abril de 1999
Some –isms are still alive and kicking
6 de abril de 1999
El petróleo, el ausente en la Cumbre de Comercio y Ambiente
Economía Hoy 6 de abril de 1999