10 de agosto de 1999
La economía en época constituyente
27 de julio de 1999
De la pobre imagen de la Opep y de ventajas comparativas
23 de julio de 1999
The mouse that roared
Last week, columnist Michael Rowan issued several recommendations for Venezuela, among these that you should “Ask not how you can be protected from the world. Ask only how best you can live in it”. I have frequently asked myself this question, but since the response that begins to develop in my mind is vastly different from the text book type answer hinted at by Mr. Rowan, I wish to make note of some of these differences.
To begin with, and even though I agree that a lot of the country’s internal problems as mentioned by Mr. Rowan really do exist, I consider it to be wrong to label Venezuela as a protectionist country. It could be that he did not know the Venezuela of old, but as of 1989 the country has, not always in a straight line and more often than not out of necessity rather than conviction, been submerged in a process of commercial and cultural aperture of such import that it is today one of the least protectionist countries in the world.
Upon rereading some of the articles I have written over the years, I find clear evidence of the fact that I have always been a constant defender of the markets as prime regulators and motors of the economy and as a consequence of this, I have also always been totally against what is today know as protectionism. In this sense, I am worried that Venezuela’s opening has not produced the desired results.
The commercial recipes common in today’s world are comprised primarily of the following two commandments: 1) Open your borders and allow the products, services and capital offered by the rest of the world to come in so that all of your citizens may have access to the best the world can offer, produced in the most efficient manner possible; 2) Respect the rights to intellectual property and to brands and patents in order to insure the adequate return of costs and to allow those who today fuel development to continue their mission.
In exchange for compliance with these commandments, the interested party is offered a first class ticket on the Train of Sustained Development on the way to a better economic future. Certainly, some of the passengers will be weaker than others. However, if all follow the same basic diet and exercise plan, based on the exploitation of inherent strengths with the adoption of an effort towards specialization, sooner or later, so goes the theory, all will be more or less equal.
Chile, for example, is a good example of what excellent results a ride on this Train can produce. Unfortunately, Venezuela, while having complied with the commandments almost religiously has absolutely nothing to show in the way of favorable results. Why? Rowan would answer, ‘It is Venezuela’s own fault’. I would say that while he is partially right, it is also important to say that the world is not playing a fair ball game.
The indisputable fact is that the world is applying duties on products derived from oil, as is the case of taxes on gasoline that in some parts of the world top 800% and that bar the producers from receiving his fair share of the sale of their resources. If these taxes were eliminated or were simply limited, for example, to something like the 26% duty imposed by Venezuela on the importation, Venezuela’s income would be much greater. Easily US$ 10 billion greater!
In this sense, if I am to respond to Mr. Rowan’s questions as to “How best you can live in it (the world)”, I would not be lying if I told you that I am feeling dangerously close to suggesting that we quit being stupid and that until the world comes around and gives us a fair shake by eliminating the damaging taxes on oil, we begin to behave as rogues.
As a first dish, it would be most tempting to raise all import duties to the same levels each country applies to oil. As a main dish I could suggest we violate all brands and intellectual property rights, copy all medicines and facilitate their generic sale world wide. Finally, as a dessert, I could ask PDV to quit building fancy gasoline stations in Venezuela which, being sure that Kuwait is not waiting in the wings to compete on our turf, do not generate the sale of even one extra liter of gasoline. Instead I would construct large floating gasoline stations, anchor them off the coast of Europe and offer each European entrepreneur with a neoliberal bend the right to freely commercialize our gasoline tax free.
Am I exaggerating? One of the principal elements of discussion in the universe of ecological taxes, the ecotax, is how to insure that oil producing nations are also convinced to adopt fiscal policies involving high oil or energy taxes. The reason for this, in layman’s terms, is that if we don’t, industries that consume large amounts of energy could conceivably move to those countries with cheap energy, causing the loss of jobs in non-oil producing countries. So much for the specialization credo.
We should declare total and absolute war on the injustices of today’s system of commercial interchange. Just like the small country that declared war on Europe in the movie The Mouse That Roared, we have absolutely nothing to lose and much to gain. With so many enemies without why do we need to have enemies within?
In the Daily Journal, Caracas, July 23, 1999
9 de julio de 1999
Un correo electrónico a nuestros acusadores.
Recientemente nos sorprendió una demanda interpuesta contra Venezuela por una organización de productores independientes de petróleo en el Estado de Oklahoma, Estados Unidos. La demanda se basó en el cargo de vertido de petróleo.
En términos simples, el "dumping" ocurre cuando un país exporta productos a un precio inferior a su costo real de producción o a un precio inferior al precio de venta en su mercado interno. Para calcular el costo real, hay que considerar los efectos de todos los subsidios estatales. El dumping se considera competencia desleal y, por tanto, está prohibido. Si se demuestra en este caso, también dará lugar a graves medidas comerciales de represalia.
Como observador externo, siento que esta demanda es una amenaza real para Venezuela, pero también creo que también puede ser una oportunidad. Para entender esto, es importante analizar quién está realmente detrás de esta demanda.
Hay una cantidad increíble de pozos petroleros en Estados Unidos, cientos de miles. Sólo en Texas se dice que hay al menos sesenta mil pozos que producen menos de un barril por día. Debido a los bajos precios del petróleo, la cantidad de pozos que supuestamente se han cerrado es igualmente increíble. Una organización conocida como IPAA calcula que entre noviembre de 1997 y febrero de 1999 se cerraron más de 136.000 pozos.
Detrás de estos pozos no sólo hay grandes compañías petroleras, sino también cientos de miles de personas, pequeños empresarios, trabajadores, viudas que reciben regalías, proveedores de bienes y servicios, todos ellos votantes en un momento u otro. Por lo tanto, no debería sorprendernos que este sector posea una gran influencia política.
Para Venezuela, esto significa que, aunque la demanda no esté basada en terreno sólido, puede tener más éxito de lo que pensábamos en un principio. Sólo debemos recordar que un pequeño grupo de interés en el Estado de Florida logró bloquear el uso de la Orimulsión Venezolana. ¿Te imaginas lo que puede hacer un grupo grande? Ya que siempre he pensado que Venezuela fue negligente en proteger sus intereses en el caso de la Orimulsión. Sinceramente espero que en este caso más reciente las autoridades sean más cuidadosas y tomen las medidas necesarias.
Sin embargo, como mencioné anteriormente, esta demanda puede no ser sólo una amenaza, sino que también puede presentar una oportunidad para Venezuela. Desde hace meses vengo impulsando un movimiento al que he denominado Petropolitano. El propósito de este grupo es protestar y dar a conocer que los países productores de petróleo están sujetos a discriminación comercial cuando las naciones consumidoras aplican impuestos o aranceles para que los productores reciban sólo una fracción del valor real de su petróleo.
Por ejemplo, según la Retail Motor Industry Federation del Reino Unido, el precio de la gasolina premium sin plomo el 4 de junio de 1999 (hace un mes) en el surtidor era de 4,17 dólares por galón. De este elevado valor, evidentemente real ya que el automovilista inglés está dispuesto a pagarlo, sólo 0,43 dólares, es decir el 10%, terminan en el bolsillo del productor. El distribuidor recibe 0,26 dólares y el fisco inglés, único rentista real de esta cadena, se queda con 3,48 dólares, lo que representa el 83,5% del precio de venta al por menor.
Cuando comparamos los 3,48 dólares recaudados por el recaudador de impuestos [del Reino Unido] con los 0,43 dólares recibidos por los productores de petróleo en lugar de un activo no renovable, es evidente que el impuesto es de más del 800%. Este deber es, sin duda, una de las principales razones de los bajos ingresos petroleros, no sólo los nuestros, sino también los de Oklahoma.
La situación empeora cada día que pasa. Con base en leyes ya aprobadas, podemos prever que el precio del galón de gasolina en Europa será de 10 dólares para el año 2006, de los cuales el productor recibirá sólo 0,50 dólares, es decir, el 5%. Alemania, por ejemplo, aprobó recientemente un “paso del impuesto sobre la renta personal a un impuesto a los usuarios de energía”. Estos impuestos serán utilizados por el gobierno alemán para “financiar la reducción de las primas de seguridad para la vejez”.
Por cierto, no me refiero sólo a Europa, ya que actualmente la mayor parte del mundo aplica impuestos y derechos al petróleo. Una de las pocas excepciones es Estados Unidos, donde ha habido más moderación. Debido a lo anterior, y si la decisión fuera mía, estaría en el próximo avión a Oklahoma en un intento de educar a nuestros acusadores sobre quiénes son nuestros verdaderos enemigos. Les diría que estos últimos se ríen mientras nos peleamos por las migajas, y trataría de convertirlos en poderosos aliados.
Los ejecutivos de PDVSA o no ven el bosque por los árboles o se han dejado dormir por sus propias realidades internas. En cualquier caso, no parecen dispuestos a tomar medidas radicales. Asimismo, el ciudadano común está demasiado alejado de la industria para reaccionar con fuerza en el corto plazo.
¿Quién sabe? Quizás el pequeño productor de Oklahoma —aquel que sufre y siente en carne propia las injusticias actuales de esta situación, que muy probablemente tenga la voluntad de salir a defender con ahínco sus intereses y que pertenece a un país capaz de defender plátanos que no produce, aquel que hoy es nuestro acusador— resulte ser, a fin de cuentas, el aliado que Venezuela realmente necesita. Por si acaso, ya les he enviado un correo electrónico.
We were recently surprised by a lawsuit brought against Venezuela by an organization of independent oil producers in the State of Oklahoma in the United States. The suit was based on the charge of dumping oil.
29 de junio de 1999
Del contrabando y el Ecotax, Pdvsa y la educación superior
1 de junio de 1999
¿Acaso somos de una desconocida secta protestante?
16 de abril de 1999
Some –isms are still alive and kicking
6 de abril de 1999
El petróleo, el ausente en la Cumbre de Comercio y Ambiente
Economía Hoy 6 de abril de 1999
22 de marzo de 1999
17 de marzo de 1999
La injusta distribución de la actual bonanza petrolera
The Unfair Distribution Of Today’s Oil Bonanza
9 de marzo de 1999
Mi Presidente, vamos a lo básico
26 de febrero de 1999
A Nation Guilty Of Innocence
The 85% that goes to the European taxman is nothing other than a simple duty. In normal markets, a fall in oil prices of about 55% should technically result in an increase in consumption. In Europe, however, gasoline prices remain basically the same. This means that the tax authorities simply took advantage of the above-mentioned fall in prices to simply increase their collections.
I am among those that believe that the solutions to Venezuela’s current financial crisis will require much more than a simple increase in oil prices. Among other things, I feel it is necessary to develop a real national conscience which will allows us to properly defend our own interests. Ironically, I don’t see any other place to begin but with our own oil.
Should Venezuela have properly invested the resources obtained during the oil boom, it would definitely been in a better financial position. However, should it not have recycled this income it would have simply aggravated the global recession and would have been considered a pariah. There is no doubt that Venezuela’s crime was to spend and give away excessively. An example of this excess is that the overspending did not only include oil income but indebtedness as well.
However, neither the excess generosity described above, even if it borders on stupidity, nor the country’s masochistic streak (nobody can deny that our problems are self-inflicted) should result in the loss of fair and respectful treatment from the rest of the world.
Because of this, it angers me no end that in spite of the fact that Venezuela is suffering due to low oil prices, the country is not being offered other alternatives to restructure its debt other that suicide by way of the ingestion of 20 year credits at 20% interest per annum available in the marginal emerging market.
The taxes imposed by Europe on gasoline (while they also promote free markets), the prohibition on Orimulsion imposed by Florida (the entity that benefits the most due to its attraction for Venezuelans), and finally, the usurious demands made by the financial markets are sufficient evidence to prove that, even if it seems like a contradiction in terms and even when globalization continues to steam along, it is basically up to every man to look out for himself.
When we also note that the developed world spends huge amount of resources to co-opt those that ‘misbehave’, logic would seem to imply that one simply has to play hardball.
It would seem to me that something like a suspension of landing rights in Venezuela for flights from Florida as a response to that state’s continued imposition of its ban on Orimulsion simply in order to favor some particular local interests, is a fairly civilized level of roughness, specially when compared to what is going on in, for example, Kosovo.
It would seem to me that something like a special duty imposed by Venezuela (preferably backed by OPEC) on all products coming from countries that locally apply a direct tax on oil products is neither worse nor different than all the conflicts being debated today in the international commercial system.
It would seem to me that we would not be asking too much from the United States if we propose to restructure all of our external debt on 30 year terms at an interest rate of 0.5% over Treasury Rates to be repaid in advance if and when the price of oil goes over US$ 30 per barrel. Especially if we consider the expense the USA undertakes in order to build its strategic oil reserves by burying them in underground deposits or in militarily guaranteeing access to other strategically important areas. Especially if we consider that after such a restructure, Venezuela, with a fairly small debt, would immediately merit a much better credit rating than many of the other countries, currently favored by the markets.
Hunger is a violation of human rights. In my country innocent people are suffering from hunger, most of them as a direct result of populism. The battle against internal populism, however, often results in falling into the trap of innocently accepting imposed external economic populism, more often than not resulting in more hunger. It is high time Venezuela defends its own interests by not consistently bending over backwards.
In the Daily Journal, Caracas, February 26, 1999









